الأحد، 19 فبراير 2012

Computer Language



Computer languages have evolved into four generations now. The term 
computer language denotes a high-level language like C, and C++. They have a unique set of keywords that the program understands. The first generation computer languages were written as 0s and 1s (binary) but it was difficult to interpret, resulting in errors. The second generation computer languages were simpler, involving percentages and symbols. The third generation languages like C, C++, and Java indicated the evolution of programming that was typically tough to write but people were more inclined to learn them. 50 years back, computer programmers were writing codes. Now, new technologies are emerging and developing at a very rapid speed. Today, there are more than 2000 documented programming languages. Here’s a look at some of the most relevant computer languages.
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AWK
Created in the 1970s by Bells Labs, it’s a powerful command language that helps to manipulate large amounts of data.
BASH
BASH (Bourne-Again SHell) is a command language exclusively written for the GNU operating system.
C
C is a very powerful programming language for creating computer programs developed by Dennis Ritchie. C is extensively used in developing portable application software.
C++
C++ is much more advanced version of C that adds modern programming language features to make it simpler.
Common Lisp
Common Lisp, commonly known as CL, is a high-performance ANSI-standard programming language. The best thing about Common Lisp is that the user can choose the approach and paradigm depending on the application domain.
Eiffel
Eiffel is an object-oriented language. One of the more matured programming languages, it evolved in 1985. Eiffel codes are readable and reusable in solving computing problems.
Emacs Lisp
A fully evolved computer programming language, Emacs Lisp can be used with any other programming language.
Erlang
Erlang is another programming language that is used to build strong systems of programs that can be distributed via a network. Erlang is similar to Java.
Forth
Forth is a high level computer programming language based on the concept of stack. It does not rely on the use of variables. The language helps to break down a tougher problem.
  • Forth Style Guide: A beginner’s introduction to Forth.
  • Forth: Provides good information on the language.
  • FIG: Official site of the Forth Interest Group, a community dedicated to the education and promotion of Forth.
  • Programming Forth: A great starting point to learn about Forth programming.
Icon
Icon is yet another high-level programming language with features to process data structures and character strings. Icon does the work more quickly than C programming. It is also useful for trying out new ideas, quick programming, text processing, graphics programming, and handling very large data types.
Java
Java is ideal for a programmer who is adept with text and graphics. Java is used to build an end user interface, protocol for how to read a data, write data, and receive data from the interface.
Javascript
Javascript is a relatively small language, but less demanding. It should not be confused with Java. 
  • Learn Javascript: Almost everything you want to know about Javascript.
  • Tutorial: Very good tutorial to get you started on Javascript.
  • Javascript: Provides very useful information on the subject.
Lisp
Lisp is an ideal programming language to help with problems involving high quantitative reasoning, problem solving, problems that change dynamically, and programs with heterogeneous data. It is a language suited to address the most challenging problems.
  • History of Lisp: A look at the history, special language features, and sample programs of Lisp language.
  • Learn Lisp: All about Lisp in one destination.
  • Tutorials: A free tutorial document to learn Lisp.
  • Lisp Resources: A collection of online resources and books about Lisp.
Lua
Lua is a scripting language which is powerful and fast.
Mercury
It is a programming language that combines both logic and functional programming patterns. Mercury operates with sophisticated, strict type, and mode system.
Ocaml
Ocaml, also known as Objective Caml, is a general purpose programming language. The language features a powerful module system and fully fledged objective-oriented layer.
PHP
PHP is a widely used programming language. Since it requires less coding, more and more companies have switched to PHP programming.
  • PHP: The authoritative site on the language.
  • PHP Basics: A great place to get started with the language. 
  • Example Scripts: Provides links to some PHP examples.
Perl
Designed by Larry Wall, Perl is one of the most widely used programming languages. Perl was first used as a text editor but it is now used in web alongside HTML.
Pike
Pike’s syntax is similar to C and Java. It is simple to learn because it does not involve complex functionalities.
  • Pike: Dedicated to everything about the language.
  • Pike Community: A place for Pike users to get together.  
  • Understanding Pike: Learn how Pike works to become a better programmer.
Python
Python is a dynamic programming language used for software development. It offers support for integrating other programming languages. Python is a relatively easy language and it can be learnt quickly.
Ruby
Ruby is an open source programming language designed to be simple yet productive. Ruby is easy to use and flexible. Its functionalities can be altered, removed or redefined.
  • Guide to Ruby: A beginner user’s guide to Ruby scripting language.
  • Basic Ruby: Provides some basics of Ruby.
  • Ruby: Comprehensive site with information, news, and downloads of the programming language.
SML
SML, also known as Standard ML, is a programming language used exclusively for storing large data structures and functions. It is a typed language with an extensible type system.
Scheme
Scheme is a programming language that can run in Microsoft Windows, UNIX, and IBM OS/2. It has a rich library of resources and integrated editor like Emacs.
TCL
Tool Command Language (TCL) is suitable for a variety of purposes such as web, networking, administrations, testing, and desktop applications. It is a mature yet highly developing language.
Programming languages act as a link between man and a machine. New programming languages are created as technology advances. To build a career in computer science and information technology, programmers have to stay ahead of the competition. This is why it’s so important to have the best computer language guide.
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